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Ingham, Queensland

Coordinates: 18°39′03″S 146°09′26″E / 18.6508°S 146.1572°E / -18.6508; 146.1572 (Ingham (town centre))
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Ingham
Queensland
Clock at Rotary park
Ingham is located in Queensland
Ingham
Ingham
Coordinates18°39′03″S 146°09′26″E / 18.6508°S 146.1572°E / -18.6508; 146.1572 (Ingham (town centre))
Population4,455 (2021 census)[1]
 • Density109.73/km2 (284.2/sq mi)
Established1864
Postcode(s)4850
Elevation11.8 m (39 ft)
Area40.6 km2 (15.7 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
Location
LGA(s)Shire of Hinchinbrook
CountyCardwell
State electorate(s)Hinchinbrook
Federal division(s)Kennedy
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
29.1 °C
84 °F		 18.8 °C
66 °F		 2,046.5 mm
80.6 in
Localities around Ingham:
Hawkins Creek Hawkins Creek Gairloch
Foresthome
Trebonne Ingham Victoria Plantation
Trebonne Toobanna Blackrock

Ingham is a rural town and locality in the Shire of Hinchinbrook, Queensland, Australia.[2][3] It is named after William Bairstow Ingham and is the administrative centre for the Shire of Hinchinbrook.[4]

In the 2021 census, the locality of Ingham had a population of 4,455 people.[1]

Geography

Ingham is approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) north of Townsville and 1,437 kilometres (893 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane. The town is positioned about 17 kilometres (11 mi) inland within the Herbert River floodplain where Palm Creek drains the low-lying lands. It is surrounded by sugar cane farms which are serviced by a number of private railways

The North Coast railway line passes through the town, which is served by the Ingham railway station. The Bruce Highway also passes through the town.[5]

Tokalon is neighbourhood in the south-east of the locality (18°40′00″S 146°10′00″E / 18.6666°S 146.1666°E / -18.6666; 146.1666 (Tokalon (neighbourhood))). It takes its name from the Tokalon railway station, which was named by the Queensland Railways Department on 24 December 1924, from the name of a local selection. Tokalan is an Aboriginal word meaning beautiful land.[6]

History

Aboriginal history

Prior to European settlement, the Ingham area was inhabited by the Warakamai People.[7] Warrgamay (also known as Waragamai, Wargamay, Wargamaygan, Biyay, and Warakamai) is an Australian Aboriginal language in North Queensland. The language region includes the Herbert River area, Ingham, Hawkins Creek, Long Pocket, Herbert Vale, Niagara Vale, Yamanic Creek, Herbert Gorge, Cardwell, Hinchinbrook Island and the adjacent mainland.[8]

British colonisation

George Elphinstone Dalrymple led the first British expedition to the area during his 1864 journey from Cardwell to the Valley of Lagoons Station. Dalrymple named the Herbert River on this expedition and described both the extensive grassy plains that flanked the river and the "tribe of wild blacks" who lived upon them.[9] Co-owner of Valley of Lagoons, Walter Jervoise Scott, soon established the Herbert Vale cattle station on these plains which was managed by Henry Worsley Stone and Duncan McAuslan.[10] In 1868, the region was opened to further uptake of land by colonists,[11] with Daniel Cudmore and Maurice Geoffrey O'Connell being the most prominent selectors.[12]

This taking of land led to conflict between the British colonists and the resident Indigenous population of the region.[4] In the early 1870s, Native Police forces based at Waterview under the charge of Sub-Inspectors Thomas Coward and Ferdinand Macquarie Tompson, conducted missions to "disperse" groups of "very troublesome" Aboriginal people along the Herbert River.[13] Cattle continued to be speared and in 1872 a Native Police detachment captured a group of Aborigines at Daniel Cudmore's property. They were made to gather firewood and were then shot, their corpses being burnt on the gathered wood.[4] In 1873, the local Native Police barracks were moved to Fort Herbert (just west of the modern day town of Ingham) and placed under the command of Sub-Inspector Robert Arthur Johnstone.[4] Over the next seven years, Johnstone conducted numerous punitive expeditions, "dispersing mobs" of Aboriginal people around the Herbert River region.[14] James Cassady, a colonist who attempted to protect Aborigines in the region, described how Native Police officers during this period would order the shootings of peaceful Aboriginal people. In once instance, two young boys who survived these shootings were taken and given as presents to other colonists.[15] The Native Police forces in the Ingham region were disbanded in 1881.

Sugar plantations and mills

The region was found to be ideal for the cultivation of sugarcane and Maurice Geoffrey O'Connell is regarded as the first to plant the crop in the Herbert River area.[4] He, however, soon committed suicide[16] and other entrepreneurs expanded the industry. In 1870, James MacKenzie established the Gairloch plantation, Farrand Haig and Henry Miles founded the Bemerside plantation, while Arthur Neame and Edwin Waller established the Macknade plantation.[17][18] The first local sugar mill was constructed in 1872 at the Gairloch property, with the Bemerside and Macknade mills opening the following year.[18] These operations came into financial difficulty and the Hamleigh Sugar Company with Alfred Cowley as manager became the dominant sugar enterprise in the region by 1883. However, with significant government assistance, the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) monopolised the Hebert valley sugar production by 1886, purchasing most of the plantations, buying the Macknade mill and establishing its own mill in 1883 at the Victoria Plantation.[4] The Macknade and Victoria mills are still in operation and are owned by Wilmar Sugar Australia.[19]

Most of the labour on these plantations during the early years was performed by imported South Sea Islanders who were required to work for three years earning only £6 per annum which was paid out at the end of the contract, often in cheap goods instead of money.[20] At CSR's Victoria Plantation, the Islanders wore a tin disc around theirs necks with a number stamped on it and although they were provided with a hospital, the amount of sickness and death among them was very high, the mortality rate in 1884 being up to 15%.[21] The hospital itself was a temporary structure in which the Islanders were locked in unattended at night. There is a recorded incident where a fight broke out, resulting in a death and mass injury.[22]

In 1885, a Royal Commission found that Islanders destined to work at Alfred Cowley's Hamleigh Plantation were blackbirded in that they were recruited in a way that was "cruelly deceptive and altogether illegal".[23] Likewise, the Commission found that many Islanders were deliberately kidnapped or murdered during a recruiting voyage for CSR's Victoria Plantation, describing it as a record of deceit, cruel treachery and inhuman slaughter.[24] In 1886, both the CSR and Hamleigh companies received government compensation for the removal and repatriation of some of the Islanders who had survived these recruiting events. This money was given despite an inquiry showing that the annual death rate of South Sea Islanders was as high as 17.5% at both these plantations.[25] The use of Islander labour continued on the Herbert River valley until the early 1900s.

Township of Ingham

Architectural plans for Ingham Gaol

A cluster of a few huts known simply as Lower Herbert was established in 1871 which included a post office.[26] A township was gazetted on this site in 1879 and named Ingham,[27] after William Bairstow Ingham, a pioneer sugar planter on the Herbert River.[28][29]

Ingham State School opened on 4 May 1885 and celebrated its Golden Jubilee (50th anniversary) in December 1935.[30][31] On Saturday 4 May 1985, the school celebrated its centenary by planting a tree at the school's original location (18°39′08″S 146°09′33″E / 18.6522°S 146.1592°E / -18.6522; 146.1592 (Ingham State School (original location))).[32]

A gaol opened in July 1886; previously there had only been a police lock-up.[33]

Shire hall, Ingham, circa 1930

The town has a strong Italian and Spanish history with the 1920s and 1930s seeing a large influx of immigrants from these countries.[34][35] The Black Hand Gang, made up of some of these immigrants, terrorised the town in the 1930s with bribery and corruption, forming a dark chapter in the town's history.[36][37]

Ingham State High School opened on 2 February 1952.[30]

Hinchinbrook Shire Library

Hinchinbrook Shire Library opened in 2011 in Ingham.[38]

Following the devastation caused by Cyclone Yasi in Far North Queensland in February 2011, Ingham is one of a number of towns where a cyclone shelter was built. The Ingham cyclone shelter is capable of withstanding winds of more than 300 kilometres (190 mi) per hour, as experienced in a category five cyclone. The building serves as a multi-purpose sports facility for the Ingham State High School while in a cyclone it provides shelter for up to 800 people. The shelter was opened by Premier Campbell Newman in January 2013.[39]

In March 2018, flood waters inundated properties in Ingham following heavy rain.[40]

Demographics

In the 2016 census, the locality of Ingham had a population of 4,426 people. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 7.6% of the population. 81.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common country of birth was Italy at 5.0%. 82.5% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Italian at 7.2%. The most common responses for religion were Catholic 45.8%, Anglican 15.5%, No Religion 13.1%.[41]

In the 2021 census, the locality of Ingham had a population of 4,455 people.[1]

Heritage listings

Ingham has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Climate

Ingham experiences a tropical monsoon climate (Koppen: Aw), with a prolonged wet season from November to May and a cooler, less humid dry season from June to October. Being part of the Queensland Wet Tropics bioregion, the annual rainfall in Ingham is very high, averaging 2,126.5 millimetres (83.72 in), primarily concentrated in the austral summer.[46] Extreme temperatures in Charters Towers have ranged from 43.4 °C (110.1 °F) on 5 January 1994 to 2.2 °C (36.0 °F) on 24 July 1968.[47]

Climate data for Ingham (18º39'00"S, 146º10'48"E, 12 m AMSL) (1968-2024 normals and extremes)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 43.4
(110.1) 		40.6
(105.1) 		40.1
(104.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.0
(89.6) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.0
(98.6) 		38.8
(101.8) 		43.1
(109.6) 		43.4
(110.1) 		43.4
(110.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.4
(90.3) 		31.8
(89.2) 		30.7
(87.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		27.1
(80.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		24.9
(76.8) 		26.2
(79.2) 		28.4
(83.1) 		30.4
(86.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		32.5
(90.5) 		29.2
(84.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.4
(68.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		14.9
(58.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		14.3
(57.7) 		16.1
(61.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		22.1
(71.8) 		18.9
(66.1)
Record low °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9) 		17.8
(64.0) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		6.2
(43.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		4.4
(39.9) 		9.5
(49.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		2.2
(36.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 391.7
(15.42) 		480.2
(18.91) 		393.9
(15.51) 		208.9
(8.22) 		109.6
(4.31) 		45.4
(1.79) 		41.5
(1.63) 		34.9
(1.37) 		37.2
(1.46) 		53.7
(2.11) 		114.2
(4.50) 		209.4
(8.24) 		2,126.5
(83.72)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.9 16.1 14.7 13.4 10.6 6.2 5.6 4.6 4.4 5.9 8.1 9.6 113.1
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 64 69 66 68 65 62 58 57 54 55 57 60 61
Average dew point °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		23.6
(74.5) 		22.3
(72.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.5
(68.9) 		22.1
(71.8) 		19.3
(66.8)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (1968-2024 normals and extremes)[48]

Economy

Ingham is the service centre for many sugarcane plantations, which are serviced by the two sugar mills located in the Ingham district: Victoria Sugar Mill (located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from Ingham), which is the largest sugar mill in Australia and one of the largest in the southern hemisphere,[49] and Macknade Mill, which is the oldest operating sugar mill in Queensland. Both mills are owned and operated by Wilmar Sugar Australia Limited. The majority of the cane is transported to the mills by light tramlines.[50] Once processed by the mills, the raw sugar is then transported by tramline to the bulk sugar terminal at the nearby seaside port of Lucinda and loaded onto ships for export via the longest pier in the southern hemisphere (4.75 kilometres (2.95 mi) long).

Other industries in the Ingham area include cattle, watermelons, rice, horticulture, fishing, timber and tourism.

Education

Ingham State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at 28 McIlwraith Street (18°39′09″S 146°09′41″E / 18.6525°S 146.1615°E / -18.6525; 146.1615 (Ingham State School)).[51][52] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 334 students with 29 teachers (24 full-time equivalent) and 25 non-teaching staff (13 full-time equivalent).[53] It includes a special education program.[51]

Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 18 Abbott Street (18°39′14″S 146°09′33″E / 18.6538°S 146.1592°E / -18.6538; 146.1592 (Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School)).[51][54] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 288 students with 20 teachers (18 full-time equivalent) and 17 non-teaching staff (10 full-time equivalent).[53]

Hinchinbrook Christian School is a private primary and secondary (Prep-10) school for boys and girls at 77 Halifax Road (18°38′19″S 146°10′03″E / 18.6387°S 146.1676°E / -18.6387; 146.1676 (Hinchinbrook Christian School)).[51][55] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 13 students with 3 teachers and 0 non-teaching staff.[53] The school also provides distance education.[55]

Ingham State High School is a government secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 12 Menzies Street (18°39′13″S 146°10′07″E / 18.6537°S 146.1686°E / -18.6537; 146.1686 (Ingham State High School)).[51][56] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 425 students with 47 teachers (45 full-time equivalent) and 26 non-teaching staff (19 full-time equivalent).[53] It includes a special education program.[51]

Gilroy Santa Maria College is a Catholic secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 17 Chamberlain Street (18°38′40″S 146°09′20″E / 18.6445°S 146.1555°E / -18.6445; 146.1555 (Gilroy Santa Maria College)).[51][57] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 291 students with 33 teachers (29 full-time equivalent) and 26 non-teaching staff (18 full-time equivalent).[53]

Amenities

The town is home to the regional art gallery called TYTO Regional Art Gallery which sits alongside the Tyto Wetlands and Enrico's Restaurant. In the same precinct is the Hinchinbrook Shire Library located at 73-75 McIllwraith Street.[58]

Media

The Herbert River Express is a newspaper published in Ingham since 1904.[59][60]

Sport

The town's rugby league team, the Herbert River Crushers, play in the Townsville District Rugby League.[citation needed]

Events

The Australian-Italian Festival is held in Ingham the first weekend in August each year and is one of the most popular events in the region, with thousands of people attending the event. The festival celebrates Ingham's cultural background, dating from the 1890s, when the first Italian immigrants came to the region. More than half the population of the town are of Italian descent.[61] The town is known as "Little Italy".[62] The annual festival, held at Tyto Wetlands, began as an idea from a community workshop.[61]

Notable residents

Notable individuals from Ingham include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Ingham (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023. Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ "Ingham – town in Shire of Hinchinbrook (entry 16673)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  3. ^ "Ingham – locality in Shire of Hinchinbrook (entry 49502)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Vidonja Balanzategui, Bianka (2011), The Herbert River story, Hinchinbrook Shire Council, ISBN 978-1-921555-73-2
  5. ^ "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  6. ^ "Tokalon – locality unbounded in Shire of Hinchinbrook (entry 39330)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Warakamai People". AusAnthrop Australian Aboriginal tribal database. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  8. ^ This Wikipedia article incorporates CC BY 4.0 licensed text from: "Warrgamay". Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages map. State Library of Queensland. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  9. ^ "The New Settlement at Rockingham Bay". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XIX, no. 2036. Queensland, Australia. 6 August 1864. p. 5. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ^ "The Late Mr. Henry Stone". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Vol. XXXV, no. 11604. Queensland, Australia. 4 November 1919. p. 2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "Intercolonial News. Queensland". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. LVIII, no. 9444. New South Wales, Australia. 26 August 1868. p. 3. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Telegraphic". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXIII, no. 3, 441. Queensland, Australia. 10 October 1868. p. 4. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ "Cardwell". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XXV, no. 4, 196. Queensland, Australia. 16 March 1871. p. 3. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ Bottoms, Timothy (2013), The conspiracy of silence : Queensland's frontier killing-times, Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74331-382-4
  15. ^ "Letters to the Editor". The Queenslander. Vol. XVIII, no. 260. Queensland, Australia. 7 August 1880. p. 178. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "Brisbane". The Sydney Morning Herald. Vol. LIX, no. 9566. New South Wales, Australia. 16 January 1869. p. 7. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
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  18. ^ a b "The Ingham District". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Vol. XLIX, no. 189. Queensland, Australia. 10 August 1927. p. 14. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  19. ^ "Mills". Wilmar Sugar. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  20. ^ Edward Wybergh Docker (1970), The blackbirders the recruiting of south seas labour for Queensland, 1863-1907, [Sydney] Angus and Robertson, ISBN 978-0-207-12038-1
  21. ^ "In Northern Queensland". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 11, 755. Victoria, Australia. 23 February 1884. p. 4. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. ^ "Sickening Tragedy amongst Kanakas on the Lower Herbert". Queensland Figaro. Queensland, Australia. 30 June 1883. p. 4. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ "The Labour Trade". The Telegraph. No. 3, 942. Queensland, Australia. 5 May 1885. p. 2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  24. ^ "The Labour Trade". The Telegraph. No. 3, 943. Queensland, Australia. 6 May 1885. p. 2. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "Claims for Compensation". The Week. Vol. XXI, no. 531. Queensland, Australia. 27 February 1886. p. 10. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ Premier Postal History. "Post Office List". Premier Postal Auctions. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  27. ^ "Lower Herbert, Kennedy District". The Queenslander. Vol. XVI, no. 217. Queensland, Australia. 11 October 1879. p. 455. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ "Ingham – town (entry 16673)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  29. ^ "Ingham – locality (entry 49502)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  30. ^ a b "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  31. ^ "Ingham State School". Townsville Daily Bulletin. Vol. LVII, no. 351. Queensland, Australia. 7 December 1935. p. 7. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  32. ^ "Centenary of Ingham State School Grounds". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  33. ^ "Official Notifications". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. XLII, no. 8, 895. Queensland, Australia. 19 July 1886. p. 6. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  34. ^ Henderson, Lyn (1978). "Italians in the Hinchinbrook Shire, 1921–1939: Motives for Migration" (PDF). espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:207962. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  35. ^ "Queensland Heritage Register Migration Places" (PDF). Queensland Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
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  41. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Ingham (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018. Edit this at Wikidata
  42. ^ "Gairloch Bridge (entry 602591)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  43. ^ "Ingham Post Office (Place ID 106200)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  44. ^ "5 Lynch Street (entry 602193)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  45. ^ "Ingham Court House (entry 601546)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
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  48. ^ "Ingham Climate Statistics (1968-2024)". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  49. ^ "Historical Towns Directory: Ingham". Heritage Australia Publishing. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
  50. ^ The Tramways of the Ingham District. Verhoeven, G Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin (June 1971). pp. 122-131.
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  52. ^ "Ingham State School". Ingham State School. 29 November 2020. Archived from the original on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  53. ^ a b c d e "ACARA School Profile 2018". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  54. ^ "Our Lady of Lourdes School, Ingham". Our Lady of Lourdes School, Ingham. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  55. ^ a b "Home". Hinchinbrook Christian School. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  56. ^ "Ingham State High School". Ingham State High School. 26 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  57. ^ "Gilroy Santa Maria College". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  58. ^ "Hinchinbrook Library". State Library of Queensland. Archived from the original on 10 January 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2018.
  59. ^ "Historical Notes on North Queensland Newspapers". James Cook University. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  60. ^ "Herbert River Express". News Corp. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
  61. ^ a b Australian Italian Festival Ingham Archived 23 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 17 May 2012.
  62. ^ "Ingham". Tourism and Events Queensland. Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  63. ^ Mason, Walter (2008), Destination Saigon : adventures in Vietnam, Inspired Living / Allen & Unwin, ISBN 978-1-74175-949-5
  64. ^ "Tina Arena". Walter Mason. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
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